Composting is one of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce household waste and contribute to a healthier planet. By turning organic waste into nutrient-rich soil, composting not only minimizes landfill use but also supports sustainable gardening and farming practices. However, many people are unsure about what can and cannot be composted. Understanding the basics of compostable materials is key to successful and efficient composting.
What Is Composting?
Composting is a natural process where organic materials break down over time through the action of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. The end product, called compost, is a dark, crumbly, soil-like material full of nutrients that waste improve soil health and promote plant growth.
Compostable materials are typically divided into two main categories: greens and browns.
Green Materials (Nitrogen-Rich)
Greens are wet, soft materials that provide nitrogen, which helps microorganisms grow and multiply. These materials decompose quickly and are essential for active composting.
Examples of green compostables include:
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Fruit and vegetable scraps (peels, cores, rinds)
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Coffee grounds and filters
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Tea bags (ensure they are plastic-free)
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Grass clippings
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Fresh garden trimmings
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Eggshells (crushed for faster breakdown)
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Food scraps (non-greasy and meat-free)
These materials add moisture and help heat up the compost pile, accelerating the decomposition process.
Brown Materials (Carbon-Rich)
Browns are dry, fibrous materials that provide carbon, which is essential for energy in the composting process. They also help balance the moisture content and structure of the compost pile.
Examples of brown compostables include:
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Dry leaves
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Straw and hay
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Shredded newspaper
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Cardboard and paper (non-glossy, no plastic coatings)
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Sawdust and wood chips (from untreated wood)
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Toilet paper and paper towel rolls
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Old flowers and houseplants
Browns break down more slowly but are crucial for maintaining airflow and preventing foul odors.
What Should Not Be Composted?
Some items, although organic, are not suitable for home composting due to their potential to attract pests, slow decomposition, or introduce toxins.
Avoid composting:
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Meat, dairy, and oily foods
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Bones and fish scraps
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Pet waste (cats, dogs)
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Diseased plants or weeds with seeds
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Glossy paper or magazines
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Plastic, metal, and glass
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Treated or painted wood
These items can either disrupt the composting process or pose health and environmental risks.
Tips for Successful Composting
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Balance greens and browns: A good compost pile has roughly a 2:1 ratio of browns to greens.
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Aerate regularly: Turn the compost pile every few weeks to provide oxygen and speed up decomposition.
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Monitor moisture: The pile should be moist but not soggy—like a wrung-out sponge.
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Chop large items: Break down bigger items into smaller pieces for quicker composting.
Composting is a powerful way to reduce household waste and recycle valuable nutrients back into the earth. By understanding what can be composted and maintaining a proper balance, anyone can create rich, healthy compost. Whether you’re composting in a backyard bin or a kitchen container, every effort counts toward a more sustainable future.